The choline-acetylcholine cycle.
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase builds acetylcholine (ACH) from choline (CHO) and acetyl-CoA. After ACH is released in the synaptic cleft, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts ACH into the inactive metabolites CHO and acetate.
After re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminal, free CHO is phosphorylated into phosphocholine (PHC), a reaction catalysed by choline kinase. PHC is available to mobilise CHO for further ACH production via phospholipase C. CHO is also bound in the cell membrane as phosphatidylcholine (PYC). PHC can be then converted to CDP-choline by CTP:phosphocholinecytidyltransferase .
The enzyme CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase then converts the CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine (PYC) [20]. PYC can also be broken down (via phospholipase C) into glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine (PHC), and finally CHO (and side products), or (via phospholipase D) directly into free CHO [19].
In the chemical spectra acquired with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) CHO, GPC and PHC are the only ” visible ” metabolites of the CHO cycle.
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